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Group I |
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Group II |
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suru |
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kuru |
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Step | Form | Description | ||||||||||||||||||
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0 |
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Stem + nonpast. Past form: Go to 1. Polite form: Go to 2. Negative form: Go to 4. |
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1 |
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Stem + past. |
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2 |
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Stem + politeness + nonpast. Past form: Go to 3. Negative form: Go to 6. |
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3 |
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Stem + politeness + past. |
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4 |
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Stem + negation + nonpast. Past form: Go to 5. Polite form: Go to 8. |
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5 |
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Stem + negation + past. Polite form: Go to 9. |
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6 |
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Stem + politeness + negation + nonpast. Past form: Go to 7. |
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7 |
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Stem + politeness + negation + past. |
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8 |
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Stem + negation + nonpast + politeness. |
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9 |
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Stem + negation + past + politeness. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Romanization: | I | nu | ga | i | ru | . | |
Structure: | noun (dog) | nominative marker | verb (exist) | ||||
Meaning: | There is a dog. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Romanization: | I | nu | ga | i | na | i | . | |
Structure: | noun (dog) | nominative marker | verb + negation (not exist) | |||||
Meaning: | There is no dog. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Romanization: | Ya | ma | ga | a | ru | . | |
Structure: | noun (mountain) | nominative marker | verb (exist) | ||||
Meaning: | There is a mountain. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Romanization: | Ya | ma | ga | na | i | . | |
Structure: | noun (mountain) | nominative marker | adjective (not exist) | ||||
Meaning: | There is no mountain. |
Step | Form | Description | ||||||||||||||||
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0 |
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Stem (existential verb) + nonpast. Past form: Go to 1. Polite form: Go to 2. Negative form: Go to 4. |
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1 |
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Stem (existential verb) + past. |
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2 |
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Stem (existential verb) + politeness + nonpast. Past form: Go to 3. Negative form: Go to 6. |
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3 |
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Stem (existential verb) + politeness + past. |
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4 |
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Stem (nonexistential adjective) + nonpast. Past form: Go to 5. Polite form: Go to 8. |
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5 |
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Stem (nonexistential adjective) + past. Polite form: Go to 9. |
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6 |
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Stem (existential verb) + politeness + negation + nonpast. Past form: Go to 7. |
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7 |
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Stem (existential verb) + politeness + negation + past. |
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8 |
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Stem (nonexistential adjective) + nonpast + politeness. |
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9 |
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Stem (nonexistential adjective) + past + politeness. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Romanization: | Yo | ko | ha | ma | wa | syu | to | de | na | i | . | |||
Structure: | noun (Yokohama) | topic marker | noun (capital) | copula (is) | auxiliary adjective (not) | |||||||||
Meaning: | Yokohama is not capital. |
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Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Romanization: | Se | n | sô | wa | yo | ku | na | i | . | |||
Structure: | noun (war) | topic marker | adjective (is good) | auxiliary adjective (not) | ||||||||
Meaning: | War is not good. |
1. |
A: What did you say you'd forgotten to try in Kanazawa? B: I didn't try sushi. That's a big mistake. |
2. |
A: I've heard you tried sushi yesterday. Was it nice? B: I didn't try sushi. It's John who went to a sushi bar yesterday. |
3. |
A: You went to a Japanese restaurant, didn't you? Did you try sushi? B: No, I didn't try sushi. I had sukiyaki. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Romanization: | Wa | ta | si | wa | su | si | o | ta | be | na | ka | t | ta | . | ||
Structure: | noun (I) | topic marker | noun (sushi) | accusative marker | verb + negation (didn't eat) |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Romanization: | Wa | ta | si | wa | su | si | wa | ta | be | na | ka | t | ta | . | ||
Structure: | noun (I) | topic marker | noun (sushi) | topic marker | verb + negation (didn't eat) |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Romanization: | Ri | n | go | wa | ku | da | mo | no | da | . | |
Structure: | noun (apple) | topic marker | noun (fruit) | copula (is) | |||||||
Meaning: | Apples are fruits. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |||
Romanization: | Ri | n | go | wa | ya | sa | i | de | wa | na | i | . | |||
Structure: | noun (apple) | topic marker | noun (vegetable) | copula (is) | topic marker | auxiliary adjective (not) | |||||||||
Meaning: | Apples are not vegetables. |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Romanization: | Ri | n | go | wa | ya | sa | i | zya | na | i | . | |||
Structure: | noun (apple) | topic marker | noun (vegetable) | copula + topic marker (is) | auxiliary adjective (not) |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Romanization: | Mi | ka | n | wa | ku | ro | ku | na | i | . | ||
Structure: | noun (orange) | topic marker | adjective (is black) | auxiliary adjective (not) |
Kana: | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||
Romanization: | Mi | ka | n | wa | ku | ro | ku | wa | na | i | . | ||
Structure: | noun (orange) | topic marker | adjective (is black) | topic marker | auxiliary adjective (not) |